History of Books in CIS countries.

Soviet literature is multinational. Since ancient time Soviet countries had stories and legends about the nations’ heroes, such as Amirani (Georgian), Rustam (Tajik), David Sasunskom (Armenian), Manas (Kirgiz), Jangar (Kalmak) and Lachplesis (Latvian). The stories presented love and respect to the nation’s country and condemned evil.
Tales promoted kindness, bravery and resource. Soviet countries had its own nation’s tale, such as Russian and Ukrainian tale “Ivanushka”, Byelorussian “Nesterki”, Azerbaijanian and Tajik “Molla Nasredina” and kazakh “Alkdar-Kose”.
The stories and legends became cause for rebirth of writing literature. It is asserted that Armenian and Georgian literature existed since ancient time. In the beginning of 5th century Armenian scientist Mesrop Mashtotts created an Armenian alphabet. At that century Movses Heronats wrote the work “History of Armenia” – which describes an ancient Armenian culture.Georgian literature, also began since 5th century. During the feudalism period Tajik people formed poetical culture. Rudaki, Firdousi,Omar Haiyam, Saady, Hafiz were presenters of Tajik and Persian literature in the Middle Ages. Their works reached world popularity.
In the beginning of 10th century and in the end of 11th century Ferdousi wrote the poem “Shahname”. The poem describes a hero Rustam, people and their feats.
In the 15th century an Uzbek poet Alisher Navoi worked for development of Eastern literature. He wrote poems which describe life in Central Asia.
Ivan Federov was a founder of book-printing in Russia and Ukraine in the 16th century. Since that time the first books had been published.
G. Skovorod was a Ukrainian writer and educator in the 18th century. He was called “a person of encyclopedic culture”. His works were published in the book “Sad Bozhestvennih putei” (“Garden of divine ways”).
Since beginning of 1921 literary magazines appeared. The first literary magazine was “Krasnaya nov’” (“Red virgin soil”).
In 1928 the book “Thihii Don” (“Calm Don”) was published and written by M.A Sholohov. The book describes Cossack life.
During the Soviet time, Lenin and Communist party encouraged literature development. But their ideology was that the books had to support socialist culture. In the middle 30s the term Soviet literature appeared.
Since the Soviet time literature for children was also developing. Mayakovskii, C.I. Chukovskii, S.Y. Marshak, A.L. Bapto and S.V. Mikhailov wrote books for children. The purpose of the literature was to strengthen sense of patriotism and morality.
In 1941-1945 Soviet writers wrote about war, soldiers and their achievements.
Soviet books encouraged Soviet realism such as novel “Kruzhiliha” (1947) by V.F. Panova, “Zhatva” (“Harvest”) (1950) by F.E. Nikolaeva, “Zhurbini” (1952) by V.A. Kachetova, “Burya” (“Strom”) (1945-48) by Latsisa and “Zarya Kolhidi” (1931-1932) by Lordkipanude.
In 1967, 1970 and 1975 in Moscow International exhibition of books was organized. At exhibition (1975) 25,000 books were represented in 88 languages, published by 500 publishing houses.
For many years USSR reached the first place in the world for translated books. In USSR translated books are published nine times more than in Great Britain and four times more than in the US. During the Soviet time 28,000 books were published by foreign authors in 76 languages of USSR population.
Nowadays, books are widely spread in CIS countries. The year 2008 was called the Year of Literature and Reading in CIS. Last year CIS countries organized special events to propagandize books, reading, and development of national literature, spreading the books and translated books.
In Kyrgyzstan 2008 was selected as the Year of Kirghiz writer Chingiz Aitmatov. His works are classical for Russian and Kirghiz literature. Azerbaijan also celebrated The year of Literature and Reading. The country organized the meeting of Azerbaijanian, Ukrainian, Georgian and Moldavian writers.
Books present culture and ideology of its period. Nowadays, CIS is working to develop writing literature.
Sources
http://www.diclib.com/cgi-bin/d1.cgi?l=ru&base=bse&page=showid&id=67579

http://www.cis.minsk.by/main.aspx?uid=13718

EAST ASIA: China and South Korea

Issues in China:

·                    Snowstorm in China

·                    Inflation in China

·                    China increasing military spending

·                    Taiwan independence and its new policy

·                    Tibetan independence

Snowstorm in China:

On the end of the January it was snowstorm in China where 28 million people were affected. It is the issue because it tolerated economic loose approximately 2,5 billion dollars. Moreover, snowstorm affected half of China, exactly 31 provinces and regions. On January 25^th January, approximately, 13,500 base stations did not have the power, which affected 21 million users. Furthermore, this environmental accident costs China 4,5 billion dollars.1

From my point of view snowstorm in China is the Global Issue because there were huge economic loose, moreover serious economic consequences has followed after this issue (“Inflation”), which affects economy of its country.

Inflation in China:

The next issue, which emerged after snowstorm, is Inflation in China. In January inflation in China raised to 7,1%, on February it increased to 8,7 %. Prices on foods sharply raised. Price on pork increased to 63,45, fresh vegetables 46%, cooking oil was up 41% (With comparison to February 2007, according to the Bureau of Statistics). In 2007 China achieved the record in trade. It is asserted that high inflation makes pressure on Chinese Yuan, may increase exchange value, can decrease export of the country. Raise in exchange value would decrease the trade, which achieved peak in 2007, and China achieved record

.2

 

China increasing military spending

 

The next issue, which concerns China, is that they are going to increase its military spending. According to Minister of defense of China Tsan Enchu, it’s military spending will increase to the 417,769 billion Yuan, or 58,76 billion US dollars.

According to Pentagon and Izvestia Russia is major supply of arms for China.  Russia’s export increased to 7 billion in 2007. Moreover, Russia sales its arms into China and India.

According to the Minister of Defense Sergei Ivanonov Russian military spending is 821 billion Rubles for 2008, in 2007: 860 billion $.

According to the representatives of US, their military spending for 2007 was 436, 6 Billion $ including the 70 billion $ for military operation in Iraq and Afghanistan

According to the National Representative of China Tsan Enchu: China’s military spending was 350,92 billion Yuan (44,94 billion$) in 2006.

According to the Pentagon repost Chinese military spending in 2007 was between 97 billion$ and 139 billion$.

However, according to China, they claim that Chinese military spending in 2007 was 45 billion $.

According to Russian sources USA’s military spending is 6 times more than Russia and China.3

Taiwan independence and its new policy

The another issue which occurred in China was the “Taiwan independence and its new policy.”

They wanted its independence and to join UN under the name Taiwan, not China

China threatened Taiwan to use force of its military spending.

Taiwan and China split in 1949, however, for China Taiwan is its mainland.

For the answer to China Taiwan increased it’s military spending to 3% (399,5billion Taiwan Dollars, 27 billion US dollars.)(According to Taiwan President Chen Shui Byan)

According to Taiwan their military spending in 2007 was 2,85%, in 2006 it was 2,6%.

In 22 march 2008, it was election in Taiwan, there were two main candidates. Mr. Ma and Mr. Hsieh.  Mr. Ma won the elections. He carries out new policy, claiming that he prefers good relations with China. Moreover, he has established the agreement, which asserts the formal peace with China.4

Tibetan independence

Tibet wants its independence toward China.  According to China Tibet is part of China since middle 13^th century, and now, they should be under control of China. According to BBC report Tibetans are angry to China, because Chinese migrants that enter to Tibet, and occupy high position in jobs. Moreover, Tibetans claim that they suffer from Chinese inflation.

Tibet was independent until 1951. In 1950 China sent troops there. Moreover, according to BBC Tibet is well known for Western people because of Dalai Lama. He received Nobel Prize in 1989.

Furthermore, China shows force to Tibetan Protest. According to BBC report there is military force in Lhasa.5

According to BBC, (27 March 2008), journalists were allowed to enter Tibet. Associated Press says that one of the monk was shouting, “Tibet is not free, Tibet is not free”, before he started crying.

On 10^th March the protests were started. According to China, 19 people were killed by demonstrators. Tibetan government says that 140 people were killed by Chinese force.6

In conclusion, we can observe that there are different issues in China. And still, just one issue was solved, Taiwan, with its new policy, which prefer good ties with China.

Issues in South Korea:

 

·        North and South Korean relations

·        US troops in South Korea

 

North and South Relations

Kaesong is a city of North Korea, which during the Korean Dynasty was the capital of Korea. Nowadays, Kaesong is an industrial region. On 25^th March 2008, from the Kaesong company 11 employees of South Korea were discharged.

On the different media appeared such information, “On 28^th March at 10.30 North Korea fired missiles to the West Sea”.

According to Experts, there are more than 1000 missiles in North Korea; at least 800 of these missiles are ballistic, which can attack the whole South Korea and its neighbor country, Japan.

Moreover, to this event with firing missiles there is different point of views:

According to spokesman of South Korea Lee Dong Kwan:

“We believe that North Korea does not want a deterioration between South and North”.

While, the President of South Korea Lee Myuing Bak, South Korea will cooperate in the economic sphere with Peong Yang, in the case if North Korea fully disables nuclear facilities.

The USA also, has its own point of view. According to the US: “US wants NK fully to declare nuclear weapons stockpile and answer US suspicion of nuclear proliferation of a secret uranium enrichment

”.7

North Korea’s  point of view:

 

 “If US continues to delay resolution of the nuclear problem by insistency on something which does not exist, it gave impact on the disablement of nuclear facility that has been sought so far”

a foreign ministry spokesman said.8

 

US troops in South Korea.

American troops came into South Korea in 1945, after the Second World War. In 2004, in South Korea were, approximately, 37500 US troops.  In 2008 there were 25000 US troops. There are different conflicts concerning the US troops in South Korea such as:

·        Damaging Environment

·        Raping

 

 

Conflict is given by K. Heldman, December 19, 1996:

According to this author, US soldiers 18 to 25 years old, were involved in drinking and raping. Moreover, for the question about the involvement in the raping in the last twelve-month (1995) 5 percent of US soldiers answered “yes”. For example, in 1993, Korean woman, Kum E.Yoon was raped and murdered by American Soldier Kenneth Markle.9

On February 2000, South Korean citizens accused the US troops in dumping the harmful chemical into the South Korean Han River. Population of South Korea uses this river for drinking, and fishing. This chemical can cause the cancer. That’s why it was big issue for South Korean people.

Nowadays, The American forces in South Korea asking to allow live with their families.10

In conclusion, North and South Korean relations are in controversial situation. In the future, we can be witnessed on what position their relations will be: negative or position.

Issue concerning with US troops has been solving.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

---

1 http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0129/p04s1-woap.html

 

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-01/30/content_7525248.htm

http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/28/china.weather/index.html?iref=newssearch

 

2 http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/03/10/china.inflation/index.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7288940.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7278450.stm

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/19/content_6466204.htm

3 http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2008/03/05/china_says_its_military_spending_will_rise_176_this_year/

http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-04-voa10.cfm

http://english.gov.cn/2008-03/06/content_911886.htm

http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/03/04/pentagon.china/index.html

http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/04/china.taiwan.ap/index.html

http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/03/03/pentagon.china/index.html

http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news165749

4 Taiwan military spending 4-6 March 2008 http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Taiwan_boosts_military_spending_amid_China_increase_999.html

http://www.fxstreet.com/news/forex-news/article.aspx?StoryId=6137cf6d-19b5-4b05-825d-

e48532eb78de

 

Taiwan’s elections 22 March 2008

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7309113.stm

 

http://www.abc.net.au/news/photos/2008/03/23/2196844.htm

 

5 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7299221.stm

 

6 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7315895.stm  27 March 2008

 

7 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7318864.stm

 

8 www.news.yahoo.com

 

9 http://www.kimsoft.com/korea/us-army.htm

 

10 http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/03/11/america/11military.php

 

How US and Russia relations are refelcted in the Media coverage

Diplomatic relations between US and Russia started from the last history. For example, between 1780-1783 US sent its representatives to Russia. On January-February 1992 President of Russia Yeltsin visited the USA. Both leaders, Bush and Yeltsin came into a common decision to “cooperate on arms sales”. May 2002 is known as the “Creation of NATO-Russia Council” which was created with agreement between Bush, representatives of NATO and V.V.Putin, moreover the agreement was in the interest of Russia and NATO.1

In Russian source (Izvestia) was published the article “Congressmen noticed about the danger of anti-Russian position of the USA ”, where congressmen from the USA (republicans and democrats) shared with their point of views. From US and Russia there are different points about the entering Georgia to NATO. For example, Congressman, democrat, Royce says, “Russia doesn’t want, that Georgia enter the NATO ”. Moreover, congressmen presented the congress of the USA, condemned Russia, because of the Russian position to Georgia, and situation that occurred in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.  “We reflexively take up the anti-Russian position”, says one of the US congressmen, democrat Bred Sherman.  Moreover, he mentioned that the USA supported the independence of the Kosovo, West Europe, former Yugoslavia, and former soviet countries. Russia makes the decision: to strength peacemakers between the borders of Georgia and Abkhazia. According to the USA they want the peaceful decision. Official Representative Shone McCormack says: “Some Russian actions concerning about increasing troops near the border threat the region, and we ask Russia to reconsider their decisions”(quotation is translated from Russian source (izvestia)).2 (1st May 2008)

 

After the collapse of USSR, Abkhazia claimed its independence, which before was seen as part of Georgia. In 1992 Georgia sent troops to Abkhazia, at the end this conflict was solved on 30 August 1993. Since, Abkhazia tries to achieve its independence. With South Ossetia there is a common situation, because South Ossetia also wants its independence, but Georgia accepts South Ossetia as its mainland. 3

According to Izvestia, (Russian source), Leaders of Russia and US (Putin and Bush) met in Sochi on Sunday (6 April 2008). George Bush says, “It’s our last meeting in the position presidents, but I hope we once again will meet as simple people ”. (Quotation is translated from Russian source “Izvestia”). Both leaders agreed that both countries have some disagreement, which cannot be solved at the moment. However, both of them tried to solve the problems, moreover to hear each other. Furthermore, it is asserted that both leaders believe that new presidents of both powers will hear each other.4

Moreover, there is an article in Russian source “Medvedev intends to develop US – Russia Relations” (according to the Izvestia, 6th April, 2008). According to Medvedev, US-Russia relations are key factors to present the universal safety, and he will do all possibilities to strength their relations (source from Izvestia). Medvedev says “After the entrance to the position (President of RF) I would like to develop our relations and without stop. ” (Quotation is translated from Russian language.) 5

 

CNN published an article “Bush, Putin Disagree on missile defense”. This article about the meeting in Sochi (6 April 2008), when Putin, Bush and Medvedev met with each other.  According to the CNN both leaders failed to make common decision concerning the US plans about missile defense, however, both of the agreed on “strategic framework” in order to keep the US and Russia relations in the future.6

According to the Associated Press (AP) Putin is optimistic about the relations between two countries describing his eight year positive ties with Bush as a president of Russian Federation, moreover, he believes that they could find a solution on the issue of missile defense.

According to Bush, they still convince the Russia, that the missile defense is not threat for them, saying, “Cold War is over”. (Associated Press (AP) said).

According to the US-Russia Strategic Framework Declaration, both countries agreed on the end of “strategic threat or enemy”.

Moreover, Declaration says:

“We are dedicated to working together and with other nations to address the global challenges of the 21st century, moving the U.S.-Russia relationship from one of strategic competition to strategic partnership”.

“Where we have differences, we will work to resolve them in a spirit of mutual respect… We agree that the foundation for the U.S. and Russian relationship should be based on the core principles of friendship, cooperation, openness, and predictability.”

Moreover, according to Bush, he expected to meet Medvedev, on July in Japan, at G8 Leaders Summit.8

Finally, Bush, Putin and Medvedev seem to cooperate friendly and keep their relations, in spite of conflicts.

 

---

1 Office of the Historian Bureau of Public Affairs May 11, 2007

http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/rs/c22305.htm#us_rus_minister

 

2 “Congressmen noticed about the danger of anti-Russian position of the USA ” 1^st May 2008

http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news172772

 

3 http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news172772

 

4 “Мы еще встретимся как люди”  6^th April, 2008

http://www.izvestia.ru/politic/article3114883/

 

 

5 “Medvedev intends to develop US – Russia Relations”

http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news169603

 

6 “Bush, Putin Disagree on missile defense” 6 April 2008

http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/06/bush.putin/index.html?iref=newssearch

 

8“Bush, Putin Disagree on missile defense” 6 April 2008

 http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/06/bush.putin/index.html?iref=newssearch

 

International Organizations

The Asian Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)

ACD started its function in June 2002 in Cha-Am Thailand. It is the first time when “18 Asian Foreign ministers” met with each other.

The aim of the organization:

·                    To incorporate with Asian countries

·                    To construct Asian community

·                    To realize Asian strength

·                    To strength the competitiveness of Asian countries in the economic field

·                    To improve “trade and financial market”

·                    To provide independence, strengthens

·                    To achieve the highest degree of life

·                    To decrease the poverty

The main values of ACD are:

·                    Positive thinking

·                    Informality

·                    Voluntarism

·                    Non-institutionalization

·                    Openness

·                    Respect for diversity

·                    The comfort level of Member counties (According to its site: www.acddialogue.com)

There were organized several ACD Ministerial Meetings in order to discuss the ACD’s achievements, issues concerning this organization. For example, ACD Ministerial Meetings were held in Cha-Am in 2002, ChiangMai in 2003,Hingdao in 2004, Doha in 2006.

The ACD conducts with thirty countries such as Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Oman, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

In addition, different Asian countries have taken part in different activities. For example, China took part in four activities in the agricultural filed. Japan took part in three meetings in the sphere of environment education. Five meeting were organized in the sphere of energy were such countries as Bahrain, The Philippines, Indonesia, Kazakhstan were involved. Thailand is more involved in financial cooperation, which is related to the Asian Bond Market. Three meeting were organized in the filed of tourism. Oman organized the conference on the issue of road security.

Finally, ACD is more involved in discussions and solving the issues concerning Asian countries.1

World Trade Organization

WTO is predecessor to the GATT (General agreement on Tariff and Trade), which was established in 1948. In December 1945,US invited its so-called “war-time allies” for negotiation in order to reduce the tariffs of goods. In February 1945, US called to participate in conference. The main aim of the conference was to plan the charter for ITO (International Trade Organization). Furthermore, October 30, 1947 this day is well known in history as the day when twenty-three countries signed the  “Protocol of Provisional Application of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade”. However, ITO were not accepted in Havana, negotiations did not give result. Finally, ITO never “entered into force” . After, the disagreement between US and EU in 1990s on the question “how to reform the agriculutural trade”, in November 1992 , they came into commom deal, which was sighned on 15 April, 1994 by ministers from 123 countries  at a meeting which was in Marrakesh, Morocco. Finally, on January 1, 1995 WTO came into force. World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization, which supervises the international trade.

Structure:

Highest level:

§         The Ministerial of Conference – is a top body, known as “top decision making”. Its obligatory is to meet at least twice a year, bringing all together the members of WTO. Moreover, it has right to make decision on any multilateral trade agreements.

Second level:

§                     The General Council – has the highest level to make decisions, which is in Geneva, moreover, it acts for the interest of the Ministerial Conference.

§                     The Dispute Settlement Body  - is presented by the ambasador, for example, latest chairperson is H.E. Mr. Bruce Gosper, from Australia.

Third level

§                     Councils for trade works under the General Council, which consists of three councils, each of them works in different spheres.

§                     Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights – is focused on information, how WTOand other international organizations work together.

§                     Council for Trade in Services – supervises works of  General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).

Fourth Level:

§ Subsidiary bodies

§ The Goods Council – consists of 11 committees, moreover solve quaestions concerning agriculture, market access, anti dumping measure.

§ The Service council – is concentrated on financial services, domestic regulations

§ Dispute Settlement panels and Appellate Body – deals with such questions as appeals and disputes.

  Moreover, it includes such commitees as:

·                     Committees on

§ Trade and Environment

§ Trade and Development (Subcommittee on Least-Developed Countries)

§ Regional Trade Agreements

§ Balance of Payments Restrictions

§ Budget, Finance and Administration

·                     Working parties on

§ Accession

·                     Working groups on

§ Trade, debt and finance

§ Trade and technology transfer 1

The aim of WTO is

§                     To negotiate with other nations concerning the trade deals.

For example the sixth conference of WTO which was held in Hong Kong on December 13-15 2005, the aim was

§                     To present Political guiding priciples

The Fifth WTO Ministerial Conference was started from 10 to 14 September, 2003 in Cancún, Mexico  with the aim:

§                     To make acievement in negotiations.2

International Atomin Energy Agency (IAEA)

 IAEA came into force in 1957. The main iam of the IAEA Statute is to provide: nuclear vertification, safety and security, technology transfer. Since 1961 the IAEA has its own laboratory in Seibersdorf, Austria, the aim was to make “global nuclear research”.

The IAEA is seen as the  main cooperation in the nuclear shpere. Furthermore, it was known as “Atom’s for  Peace” organization.

Special Agreement regulates the relationship between United Nations and IAEA.

Structure of IAEA:

·                    IAEA secretariar – consists from 2200 multi-disciplinary and support members which are from different 90 counties.

·                    The most staff are working in Vienna, Austria, while others are working in Toronto, Tokyo, New York, Geneva.

·                    The General Conference – has the highest authority . Usually, they meet in Septenber, in order to discuss its budget and other issues. For example, on September 17-21 2007 at 51 Annual Regular Session General Conference took participation which was held in Vienna, Austia.

There are six the most important departments:

1.                  Management

2.                  Nuclear Scince, applications

3.                  Nuclear energy

4.                  Nuclear Safety and Security

5.                  Technical Cooperation

6.                  Safeguards3

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

EFTA was founded in 1960 by Austia, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switherland,the UK. with the objectives to promote economic relations within the Western European countries. In 1970s EFTA

The aim of EFTA is to promote:

·                    “Free Trade”

·                    “Economic integration”

which works in order to bring profit for its four “Member States”: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland.

Strucute of EFTA

·                    The EFTA secretariat that are governed by the Secretary General.There are 100 member, 1/3 in Geneva, 2/3 in Brussels and Luxemburg.4

Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

ECO was created in 1985 with involvement of threecountries: Iran, Pakistan, Turkey. Tha’s why ECO is called the “trilateral organization”.

Its aims and objectives are:

·                    To promote regional cooperation

·                    To provide sociaeconomic growth

Structure of ECO

·                    The Council of Ministerial (COM) takes the highest level, it makes meeting once a year. Furthermore, it has the rights to make the decisions.

·                    The Council of Permanent Representatives (CPR) are ambassadors of states that are members of organization.

·                    The regional Planning Council (RPC) represents the authorities.

·                    General Secretariat includes six derectorates that are supervised by Secretary General and Diputies. There are two specilized agencies and six regional institutes that are supervized by General Secretariat.

Objectives:

·            To develop economy of its Member States

·            To promote Trade

·            To provide infrastructure for communication of Member states between themselves and with other coutries.

·            To privatize and democratize economy

·            To strength relations woth other International Organizations

·            To protect environment, ecology, history , culture and its values.  

·            To develop agriculture and industry

In addition, the importance of the organization is to provide economic strength and cooperation.5

 

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

After, the breaking down of  USSR in the autumn 1991, leaders of such countries as Russia, Belarus, Ukrain, organized meeting om December in Belarus where they claimed the CIS. CIS is an international organization which includes 11 member states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, Tadjikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Aims:

To cooperate in the sphere of:

·        economics

·        defense

·        foreign policy

 

Structure:

·         Executive Committee

·         Council of the Heads of States

·         Council of the Heads of Governments

·         Council of Foreign Ministers

·         Council of Defense Ministers

·         Council of the Interior Ministers

·         Council of the Member-State Permanent Representatives

·         Inter-Parliamentary Assembly (IPA)6

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

NATO was established on April 1949 when North Atlantic Treaty was signed.

Structure of NATO

·        Political Structure – NATO is under the governance of twenty-six countries. Each twenty-six Member States send delegation and mission to this organization.

·        Military Structure – Military operations of NATO are supervised by the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee.

NATO was involved in the issue of 9/11. Moreover, NATO’s Charter article5 says: “Any attack on a member state will be considered an attack against the entire group of members.”7

NATO is involved in the issues which are concerned the states. For example there is a statement which is claimed by the NATO Secretary General about the event concerning on the Taliban attack in Kabul (27 April 2008):

“On behalf of NATO, I condemn in the strongest terms the Taliban attack in Kabul this morning.

The Taliban has demonstrated once again that they will use the most extreme violence to oppose Afghanistan’s freedom and democratic development.”8

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

In 1989 in Canberra Australia APEC started its “Ministerial Level Dialogue” where 12 members were involved.

In 1993 Leaders of APEC met with each other focusing on common vision such as:

·        Stability

·        Security

·        Prosperity9

Structure

Policy Level:

·        At the top: Leaders’ meeting

1.      APEC Business Advisory Council

2.      Ministerial Meeting

3.      Sectoral Ministerial Meetings

·        In the Middle Senior Officials’ Meeting

·        APEC Secretariat

Working Level:

1.      Committee on Trade and Investment

2.      Budget and Management Committee

3.      Economic Committee

4.      SOM Steering Committee ECOTECH

5.      SOM Special Task Groups

6.      Working Groups10

APEC was created in order to operate in the sphere of economy, trade. Moreover, there is an existence of operation for the special economic and trade forum. Mission of APEC is to increase the Investment, which does not require its member states to fulfill any kind of obligations.

Since 1999 APEC is funded by contribution of APEC Member Economies. Moreover, since 1999 it was shared 3.3 million dollars for each year. From 2009, Members’ contribution will rise for 5 million dollars, approximately increase will be 30 %.11

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

OECD was established in 1961, it is located in Paris, France. Its budget for 2008 is 342,9 million Euro.

Aims:

·        To promote economic development

·        To provide employment

·        To increase living conditions

·        To achieve stability in the sphere of finance

·        To focus on the growth of trade in the world12

Structure of OECD:

·        Council that are formed by ambassadors of Member States.

·        The OECD Secretariat that consists from 2,500 agents

·        The OECD Committees

Nowadays, there are thirty members in OECD, out of thirty; twenty-five countries are with high income. 12

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

OPEC was established in Baghdad Conference in 1960 from September 10 to September 14 where sush as Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela took part. Later, other 9 countries joined this orgfanization: Qatar (1961); Indonesia (1962); Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1962); United Arab Emirates (1967); Algeria (1969); Nigeria (1971); Ecuador (1973); Angola (2007) and Gabon (1975–1994).

Functions:

·        To make the oil market stable

·        To support oil producers

·        To help in returning investments for the oil producers.14

Structure of the OPEC:

·        The Secretary General is HE Abdalla Salem El-Badri

·        The Senior Legal Counsel is Dr. Ibibia Lucky Worika

·        The Head Office of the Secretary General is Mr. Abdullah Al-Shameri

On 21 April 2008 OFID (OPEC Fund for International Development) provides to the Latin, European, Asian, African countries 65,5 million dollars for realization of different projects.  For example, for Uzbekistan OFID provides 5 million dollars for construction of secondary schools. For Tajikistan they provide 3,50 million dollars for the “Dushanbe-Kyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation”. OFID provides to Nepal 10 million dollars for the countries “Rural Construction.”(21 April 2008), moreover, for the Bosnia and Herzegovina 12 million dollars for the railway reconstruction, for the Honduras for the Road Project 5 million dollars, for the Morocco 25 million dollars for the Highway Reconstruction, for the Azerbaijan 5 million dollars AzerDemiryolBank was provided by OFID.15

In addition, OPEC is very important organization because it provides money for the countries of the world for the realization of countries’ interest.

Finally, all the organizations that were written have its own functions, aims, structure, and interests; moreover they are involved in negotiation with Member States.

 

---

1 ACD

http://www.acddialogue.com/about/#03

 

1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization

 

 

2 The WTO   http://www.wto.org/

 

 

3 IAEA

http://www.iaea.org/About/Business/index.html

4 EFTA

http://www.efta.int/content/about-efta/Chairmanship/nochair-work-programme

5 ECO

http://www.ecosecretariat.org/

6 CIS

http://www.cisstat.com/eng/cis.htm

7 NATO

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization

 

8 NATO

http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2008/p08-059e.html

 

9 APEC

http://www.apec.org/content/apec/about_apec/history.html

 

10 APEC structure

http://www.apec.org/apec/about_apec/structure.html

 

11 APEC

http://www.apec.org/apec/about_apec/how_apec_operates.html

 

12 OECD

http://www.oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_36734052_36734103_1_1_1_1_1,00.html

 

13 OECD

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development

 

14 OPEC

http://www.opec.org/aboutus/functions/functions.htm

 

15 OPEC

http://www.opecfund.org/news_press/2008/pr11_2008.aspx

 

Summary#4

Article#1

“Public Administration and Public Interest” is written by E. Pendleton Herring. The main idea of the article is that bureaucrat is close to the legislator. It is asserted that the “creation of a great bureaucracy” was the result of government. Moreover, bureaucracy has power to fulfill its functions. Furthermore, public services such as “police”, “sanitation” are necessary to people which have competition with private ones.

It is claimed that democracy exists through administrative organization. Author gives an example that US bureaucracy suffers because they prefer “hierarchical organization” and “state service”. According to the author democratic state is based on “group interests”, which means the “achievement of a great administrative machine”.

The main point which author makes is that citizens have their own interests. Author argues that people do not trust the state, however they need help from government. Moreover, citizens use facilities, which are provided and given by government, but in another hand they do not want to be controlled by government.

Furthermore, author gives an example of the Herman Finer, who says: “the public is hostile to the officials…” here his main idea is that the public: “tax collector ”, “medical officer”, “inspector” whoever, their purpose is to take from us, rather than giving to us, and according to him it is the feature of the nature.

It is conducted that public interest is symbol, which introduces such values as: “unity”, “order”, and “objectivity” to the administrator.

2^nd article

“How religion was excluded from public life”, it is the big article which includes three main topics of three different authors.

“France: the secular state” is written by Alain Gresh. The topic has the connection with history of last centuries. In 1879 as republican won the election; this event pushed the idea of excluding the religion from the government. In result, Sunday became simple day, and divorce was legalized. Moreover, Religious instructions were prohibited in state schools. The main point of the topic is the issue of separation of the church from state, which started on 5^th December 1905. On 30^th   July 1904 the relations between France and Vatican were broken. Moreover, Pope Pius X was scared because of the threat that other countries would follow France and would separate the state from church. Until 1945 women were prohibited to take part in election. Until the end of 1960 in France mostly there were single sex schools.

“Immigrant Islam” is written by Jocelyne Césari. According to the author nowadays there are 11 million Muslims in Europe. The main idea of the author that European countries have Commissions or organizations, which protect the Islam from discrimination and etc. For example, in Spain there is the Spanish Islam Commission.

The next sub topic is “Battle of headscarf”; here the main point that author makes is that American Muslims’ life is easier in comparison with their “co-religionists”. However, Hollywood, US televisions accept the Islam as terrorist organization. 

The next topic is the “Demonizing of Islam”; the main point here is the Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR), which monitors everything, that is related to Islam in order to avoid discrimination. Author gives an example, that CAIR won the case toward the Nike and Budweiser companies, condemning them in discrimination.

The last topic is “Say Yes to secular France” is written by Henri Peña-Ruiz. According to the author secularism is not accidental function, which emerged in French History, but it is the victory of achievement that should be encouraged.

  

 

 

 

Summary#3

The article “Government is different” is written by Paul Appleby. The article is about the difference of government.

In the first topic author analyses the government differences. He gives example that a good lawyer does not mean that he is a good judge. Moreover, function of a judge is different from functions of a lawyer. According to the author looking at the “temperament” and “attitude” of a judge, we cannot fully understand the judicial system of a country and its function. Because, it is asserted that courts and judges are necessary to make the judicial system. The main idea is that from judge we expect the important attitude. In sum, it is seen as effective judiciary. The main point that author makes that the government has the same system. It is claimed that government is a system, which includes “public employees”, “attitudes of the public” and “public servants”. Furthermore, government is a combination of the bureaucracy. The main idea of the author that judges have different qualifications from other government officials, and their function is also different.

In the second topic author talks about the “significance of attitudes”. The main idea of the author that government is “organized action”. The officials who are in the top position of government should act; make decisions in order to get functions done. It is conducted, that executives who are business concerned fail the government. Patriotism and zeal are important for government. According to the author person is appointed to the top position in order to secure and support the government.

The third topic is about how business is looked in the sphere of government. It is claimed that government is needed in the society for the promotion and protection of public interest. Author gives an example from his life that he has met businessmen who did not know the difference between government and business. The main idea of the author that business is focused on making own profit. Moreover, business sees the government as the “public interest”.  

There is an example from the New York Herald-Tribune (1934) that the banks offered Roosevelt to encourage him “on their behalf”. Here, author gives this example in order to prove that businessmen expect profit from government and support government on their behalf.

In last topic, author gives the “essential characteristics of government”.  According to the author “government attitude and function” are consisted from the three aspects, which makes government different: “ breadth in scope, impact, consideration”; “public accountability”; “political character”.  The main difference of government is that every employee who is hiring or discharging, every letter, conversation should be planned and thought through public investigation. Moreover, employee who can be discharged can become enemy for government, that’s why such public investigation is needed. In business-discharged employee just will be discredited.  According to the author government executives’ lives and moves have the force, moreover their action have influence on circumstances.   Furthermore, the main difference of government is “public nature”. It is asserted that a politician can become a president.  However, president should have economic, business, research understanding. He should be sociologist, scientist. The main point here is that he should have broad understanding on every sphere. The important idea of author: government is different because it is involved in politics.                        

2^nd article

The article “Exploring the determinants of decisions to privatize state prisons” is written by Norma M.Riccucci. The article about privatizing prisons and jails.

According to the author “in the beginning of the middle 1980s the privatization of jails and prisons” started spreading in the US. Moreover, there not just private and state facilities have developed, but private firms have interested in privatizing prisons, building new jails and renovating old ones. Privatizing prisons were like industry, which sharply have been grown. Furthermore, privatization of prisons has had opportunity to make changes in policy and prisons through management, it has been seen as “profit making”. However, it is asserted that “incarceration” has been taken place, but it was also function of making profit.

The main idea of the author whether privatization of prisons “cost saving” or not, and why some states prefer privatization, and others not.

In the fist topic “Trends in prison privatization”, author asserts that after the establishment of Percy amendment by US congress in 1972 privatization of prisons have confirmed as legal. Since, most states of US started privatizing prisons such as Texas (1983), Florida Tennessee (1985). Nowadays, in 30 states 151 private prisons work.  It is claimed by author that in the past ten years the ability of privatizing prisons grew from 20,000 to 143,000. 

In the second topic author tries to identify whether privatized prisons can save costs or not. The research shows that the privatization of prisons can save costs, because it is asserted that private firms have opportunity to build the cheap prisons, which can operate efficiently. The reason for that is competition, that’s why private companies can provide possible costs. However, other researches show that private sector cannot provide cost saving, and sometimes private facilities can be more expensive that public ones. Another research argues that we can’t measure the exact cost of prison. Moreover, according to this study we cannot compare the efficiency of private or public prisons.

In the third topic “Potential Determinants of Decisions to privatize” author gives reasons which are claimed by hypothesis why some state governments prefer privatizing prisons, and others not.

According to the author, there are two different ways of hypothesizes one of them is related to the “fiscal concerns”, while the second one is concerned on the “politics” and “ideology”.

Author gives four hypothesizes which are related to the fiscal concerns.

Hypothesis#1 claims that states prefer privatization of prisons, which have “high correction expenditures” rather than lower ones. According to the Greenwood, 20 years ago prison costs was consisted 1%-2% of the state budget, later it was increased to 8%-10%. Moreover, Greenwood claims that government worried about increasing costs. It is asserted by others that for government privatization of prisons was solution in order to avoid from the sharp raising prison costs.

According to the Hypothesis#2, states with lower fiscal capacity prefer privatization of prisons.

Hypothesis#3 claims states with lower tax effort does not want to privatize the prisons, while states with higher tax effort prefer the opposite decision (privatization of prisons).

Hypothesis#4 asserts that states, which have lower per capita income, are for the privatizing prisons with comparison higher ones.

Other hypothesizes are concerned on “ideology” and “politics”.

Hypothesis#5 asserts that states, which are strongly “lobbied” by private prison firms, actually, are for the privatization.

Hypothesis#6 claims that “labor relation law” plays important role, because states with strong labor relation law support the privatization of prisons.

Hypothesis#7 conducts that states with Democrat-controlled legislatures do not prefer privatizing, while states with Republican-controlled legislatures encourage privatization.

According to Hypothesis#8 states with Republican governors encourage the privatizing prisons with comparison Democrat governors.

Hypotheisis#9 asserts that states, which are based on conservative ideology, support the privatization process, rather than liberal ones.

Hypothesis#10 claims that the political culture with conservative ideology is in the side of the privatization, the liberal ideology is not.

There were done some researches based on data of 1990, it was collected from different sources “state budgets”, “US census”, “National conference of state legislatures”, “the Bureau of labor statistics” etc. The aim of making researches was to identify why some states prefer privatization of prisons and others are not, and they are claimed by hypothesizes.

 

 

Using media as a tool of diplomacy during the Cold War

Cold War was a competition and conflict between two superpowers the United States and the Soviet Union. This conflict lasted from middle 40s and till the early 1990s. Moreover, Cold War is known in history as the war without any military engagement. Since 1917 USSR had been known as the first communist power. In Malta at “summit meeting” in December 1989 Gorbachev and H.W Bush declared the end of the Cold War. Cold War cost the USA 8 trillion dollars and loosing 100, 000 Americans in Vietnam and Korea. Soviet Union is not exclusion, in 1990s Russia suffered from low economy; it was the worst result in the comparison with the USA and Germany, which had trouble in the economy during the Great Depression. Moreover, historians have disagreed “who was responsible for the breakdown the two superpowers’ relations and what Cold War was”. According to the Orthodox school (the school of interpretation in the USA) Soviet Union was responsible for the Cold War. According to the Thomas A. Bailey in his job “America faces Russia”(1950) the result of the breakdown the relations of two superpowers was the fault of USSR, moreover he argued that Stalin did not keep his promises which he announced at Yalta Conference and he intended to spread the communism throughout the world.1

The USA and USSR used propaganda, which was called “Cold War propaganda” against each other. The main idea of using propaganda was to show to the population that they should “hate their enemy” and encourage their government. The USA used Hollywood and media as a tool of spreading propaganda, while the Soviet Union preferred to show to the world their “military strength”.2

In 1950 the main aim of US propaganda was to show that the communism is dangerous and it causes threat from the side of Soviet Union. The USA used newspapers, radio, books whatever as the tool of propaganda for the Middle East. For example, in Iran, the US used brochures as the tool of propaganda which were placed at schools, shops, one of the such brochure shows that two Iranian guys have a choice to choose “communism” or “patient study” and “industry”, a guy who chooses communism “suffers”, and dies in “demonstration”, while the second guy who chooses the industry lives in a good life. The USA used the media to manipulate the USSR; in Iran anti-Soviet newsreels were showed at local movie theaters. In Syria United States Information Service used newspapers as a tool of diplomacy to show to the rest of the World that the USSR is threat publishing anti-Soviet articles. Moreover, United States Information Service supplied the Voice of American and Radio Tehran and Radio Baghdad in order to show USSR in a bad side. The USA used Iraqi magazines, in order to make Iraqis aware that the Soviet imperialism causes the danger. The main idea of the US propaganda was the “promotion of Western countries”. Close relations between the USA and Saudi Arabia in 1950s did not give opportunity for the US to use anti- Soviet propaganda in this country. Because the US propaganda offers democracy, while the Saudi Arabia is a country with absolute monarchy, but the USA tried to keep relations with Saudi Arabia, the main reason was to “protect US oil investment in Saudi Arabia.” The goal of the US propaganda using in the Middle East was to show that America has positive view to the Eastern people. In addition, the USA tried to spread its propaganda throughout the world against the Soviet Union using other countries’ media.3

During the Cold War USSR was under the pressure of the Western Broadcasting. In 1960s the Soviet Media did not close its eyes toward what the Western Media posted. In 1965, July in the Soviet Newspaper “Kommunist” (in translation “communist”) such article was published:

 

 “Bourgeois propagandists are trying to use foreign radio, press, tourism, as channels of penetration of alien views in our midst. It would be rash on our part to be satisfied that these channels have not justified all the long-range hopes of the anti-Soviet propagandists. It is necessary to study the tactics of enemy propaganda and actively counteract them . . ..”

 

 The main idea of the Soviet Media was to rebut the Western ones.  In 1966 RT (Radio I Televidenie, in translation Radio and Television) was created in order not to make way for Western Media. On January1, 1968 with the same goal The Vremya (in translation the Times) TV program started working. During the period of glasnost Soviet Union used the television as weapon against the Western Media.4

Radio Moscow was “central player” during the Cold War, which ran approximately in 80 languages. The main aim of using Radio Moscow was to encourage the “psychological war” which opposed the capitalism. Most people listened this radio; moreover, North Americans were under influence of the Radio Moscow.5

In addition, Soviet Union also used media as a tool of propaganda to make pressure on Western Broadcasting. For both superpowers media was key, weapon to make weak each other.

Media kept the position of its country. During the Visit of Premier Nikita Khrushchev to the United Nations General Assembly Hall, he “removed his shoes” and started “pounding” it on the table. Tass Photographer did not show the photos of Nikita Khrushchev with his shoes incident and Tass published this meeting positively showing it like engagement of two superpowers to the “peaceful coexistence”.6

In addition, both superpowers used media, as a tool of diplomacy in order to show each other’s weakness, writing about each other negatively, and hiding the disadvantages of themselves, like the situation with Tass photographer. Nevertheless, after the end of Cold War on March 14, 1999 Oleg Kolugin (“retired KGB major general”) and Melvin Goodman (former CIA special analyst) were interviewed by CNN moderator, who asked different questions which are closely related to the Cold War, both of them had different point of views, to the question “Is it possible to declare who is the winner of the Cold War?” Oleg Kolugin answered “Yes and No”. Actually, he did not give exact answer, while Melvin Goodman answered: “No”. 7

In any situation, whether its peace or war media are involved in it. Nowadays, we cannot identify the winner of the Cold War, but we may identify how media covered it.

 

 

 

 

 

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1 Cold War

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War  

2 American and Russian Propaganda during the Cold War

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/312785/american_and_russian_propaganda_techniques.html

 

3 US propaganda in Middle East. By Joyce Battle December13, 2002

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB78/essay.htm

 

4 Impact of Western Broadcasting to the USSR.

http://media.hoover.org/documents/978-0-8179-4732-3_xix.pdf

 

5 External Broadcasts in Eastern Europe in the Post-Cold War Era: New Trends and Contributing Factors (Junhao Hong Associate Professor and Jang Hyun Kim PhD candidate Department of Communication, State University of New York at Buffalo, U.S.A.)

http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20060115_76_120771.html

 

 

 

 

6 Cold War: Diplomacy and Drama at the United Nations

http://www.un.org/events/UNART/itartassgallery/5.pdf

 

7 Cold War Chat. Interview by CNN moderator from Oleg Kolugin (“retired KGB major general”) and Melvin Goodman (former CIA special analyst)

http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/guides/debate/chats/spies/

 

Summary#2

The article “Bureaucracy” is written by Max Weber. The article gives clear understanding of what bureaucracy and its functions are. The author divided article into two main parts.

First part of the article describes the “characteristics of bureaucracy”. Moreover, Max Weber identifies six main characteristics of bureaucracy. The first characteristic of bureaucracy asserts that “principles”, “official jurisdictional areas” are constant, and “rules”, “laws” are the main features, which should be followed. The second one is based on “hierarchy”, the main idea of author is that higher offices supervise lower offices; in another words lower offices are under higher ones. The third one is focused on management, which presents “written documents”, “files”.  Max Weber underlines the main point that the bureaucracy is something different from private life. The fourth one claims that management is specialized, which focuses on the “thorough” and “expert training”. The fifth one asserts that workers should work at full given time. The last characteristic of bureaucracy claims that general rules should be followed by management. Moreover, management is seen as something important, which can be maintained by learning.

The second part of the article is based on “The position of the official” which identifies two main subfields. First one, it is asserted that “office holding is vocation”. Moreover, training and examinations are required. Second one identifies “the position of the officials” into five main points. Firstly, rules and order guarantee the social position of officials, which is considered as the highest one. Secondly, position of officials is appointed by the authority, the main idea is that free election can course the chaos (“fight”). Thirdly, the position of officials is for life. Fourthly, official receives fixed salary according to his status. Lastly, official shifts from lower position to the higher one.

2^nd article:

“Can bureaucracy be beautiful?”  is written by H. George Frederickson. The idea of the article is to identify why bureaucracy can be beautiful. Author claims that it has been known for a long time that Public Administration is not just “science” but also “art”. The article consists from four main topics.

In the first topic “The aesthetic qualities of organization and administration” in which author talks about “Forms”, “Design”, “Experience” of organization.  The first point is “Forms” that organization has the same characteristics as art: moreover, forms of art and organizations are flexible, and have different shapes. Second point concerns “Design” that organization was created by human, like art. The main idea that with usage of such creativity, we can shape, change the form and structure of an organization, it is known as “design science”. The third point is “Experience” which means that organizations share experiences.

The second topic is “The language of organization”. According to the author, organization makes sense of artistic grammar, metaphors, sharing meanings. Organization is seen as looking for issues and finding solutions.

The third topic is “The search for the beauty of the bureaucracy ” which describes what the beauty of the bureaucracy is. According to the author, when there is balance, trust, honor, order, stability in hierarchy, it is beautiful.

The last topic is “The implications of bureaucracy as beautiful”. In this part author gives three reasons why bureaucracy is beautiful. Firstly, there is understanding between organization and work. Secondly, we can understand how organizations and public managers work with usage of “analytical tools”. According to the author public managers should have knowledge and the best education, if such managers and administrators know their job effectively, it the beauty of bureaucracy. Lastly, it is asserted “beauty of order”, moreover, according to the author it is beauty when organization maintains aesthetics of changes.

 

 

Summary#1

“Public Administration in Today’s World of Organizations and Markets” which is written by Herbert A.Simon. The article is about the function of Public Administration and its role in organizations and markets, which exist in nowadays life. The main idea of article is based on two topics. The first topic is “Research on complex organization” where author explains why in today’s life we have both markets and organizations. The first view of author to the topic is that markets are seen as the coordinator and mechanism, which is the key feature of information. His second point is focused on moving “from a market economy to an organizational economy” because of the development in electronics, and communication. The third point is based on understanding of opportunities of organizations to coordinate and how it works. The fourth point considers “organizational identification”, which is asserted as a great motivator to influence to people and motivate them to run their responsibilities. The last point covers such statement as novelty that both governmental and business organizations should apply new technology, develop their style, and furthermore try to change. The second topic is about “Social implications”, the main point of it is usage of power, and it is asserted that people need governmental organizations in order to avoid corruption and to balance everything.

“Who wants to work for the government?” which is written by Gregory B.Lewis and Sue A. Frank, the main idea of this article to analyze whether people prefer governmental or private jobs. The article consists from two parts. In the first part of the article it is asserted that people have choice to work in governmental or private sector. Payment is mentioned as a motivator, moreover such questions raise which of the sector pays more, which sector cares about the people’s security, people’s preferences before the public service and which job opportunities they prefer. The second part of article shows the result and data of analyses, which were achieved by opinion polling. According to the data, most people prefer to work in private sector. Furthermore, authors’ views are concluded that private sectors pay more than governmental ones. However, opinion polling shows that people who prefer their own security would like to work in governmental sectors. People who want to be useful to the society and who have high education prefer to work in governmental sector. The main idea of authors is to show to the government that they should offer such jobs where young generation prefers to work.

 

 

Role of Media in International Relations

Role of media in international relations.

International relations are the key functions of political science. It is based on the issue how states relate to each other. It is asserted that since nation-state and boundaries of states emerged, international relations appeared. Moreover, international relations can be used in national interest. Every country tries to be as much strong as the neighboring countries. The modern state system started its function, during the Peace of Westphalia 1948.  History of International Relations was started from this historical treaty, because it was the way of emergence of nation-state. “Diplomacy”, “Sanction”, “War”, “Mobilization of international shame”, “Economic and diplomatic benefits” are seen as the important instruments of international relations.

Diplomacy is seen as the way of communication, interaction in which the representatives of states take part. Sanction is expedient to exit from the crisis of diplomacy. War is such tool of International Relations, which prefer usage of power. Mobilization of international shame means innovation, which is based on changing activities of the state through the shaming, basically it acts at the international levels. European Union can be seen as key feature of the instrument of International Relations of economic, and diplomatic benefits, that’s why countries try to enter the European Union.

Spy plays important role in international relations. According to the Anatolii Baronin veteran of spy in Ukraine, professor, spy is such profession when you always hide from your shadow. It is the source of information, in order to be informed about other countries of the world. Vladimir Kazimirov, ambassador of Russia says that diplomacy is the closing in people, and recognizing other countries, improving relations with them.

According to the author Ozodi Osuj, it is asserted that political idealists believe that humanity loves and respects each other, however, political realists’ and Hobbes’s point of views are similar, and their ideas equilibrate at the same point, that man can act as animal in its self-interest. Moreover, it is maintained that Americans occupied Indians’ land to satisfy their interest. It is asserted that countries spy each other in order to know about another country, to get information about its military forces, political, economic systems. Moreover, in international politics it is claimed that other country can be enemy to another country. (By the same author Ozodi Osuj). This author gives example, that the USA and USSR had friendfull and good relations during the World War II, however after became enemies.

“Media and Opinion in International Relations” which is published by Briggite Nacos, and Robert Shapiro, author Martin Shaw, in this article is shown author’s research on media’s role in international relations, according to the author media played the most important role, when international politics just started its function, moreover author gives such example, that during the “Gulf War”, “Kurdish refugee crisis” during the 1991 media was at the centre of attention. However, during the Kurdish cases, in the media “CNN effect” took most attention rather than this conflict. People accepted information, which were given by media sources, and they did not pay attention on such conflicts as “Kurdish refugee crisis.”

According to the author Martin Shaw, such term as International Relations were touched during the Cold War. Furthermore, media during this conflict started functions in “national” and “international” forms. Media was focused on “domestic issues” which had interconnection with national politics and shared public opinion. However, in the article it is asserted that during conflicts in International Relations between countries, media did not have full freedom to the access of information, and to diffuse it to the society, it was restricted, and media could not have the opportunity to bind the “foreign policy” with public opinion. According to the author’s point of view media phenomena such as CNN, Internet have maintained to take part in discussions of “foreign policy”, International Relations, and “globalization debates”. Moreover, radio, television, BBC became sources and tool for spreading events and information. Media is seen as communication, author emphasizes media as “social space”.

Mass Media, it is not just source, which only provides information, but it is claimed by Martin Shaw that it is “heart of public” . Furthermore, it is maintained that role of media  during the Second World War were based on propaganda, it was such term of international interaction in international relations. (Taylor 1997)

According to the author Majid Tehranian “Global communication and International Relations: Changing paradigms and policies” the tool of global communication is military arena, development of technology provides to communicate easier. In the diplomatic arena, global communication takes part as the source of big power, which is maintained by such broadcasts as BBC, CNN, The Voice of America, Radio Moscow, and Radio Beijing.

Media and international relations are interconnected. Media covers events that happen in international relations, which are exactly related to the relations of the states. Media is important in international relations to inform audience what is going on.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References:

[1] By Ozodi Osuj

http://magazine.biafranigeriaworld.com/ozodi_thomas_osuji/2005/10/21/ozodi_osuji_lectures_16_nigeria_and_international_relations.php

 

[2] ‘Media and Public Opinion in International Relations’ by Martin Shaw

http://www.martinshaw.org/crystal.htm

 

[3] International Relations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations#Realism

[4]“GLOBAL COMMUNICATION AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS:
CHANGING PARADIGMS AND POLICIES” By Majid Tehranian

http://www.gmu.edu/academic/ijps/vol2_1/Techrenian.htm

[5] By Anatolii Baronin

http://www.fisu.gov.ua/article.php?lang=ru&root=1&item=30&page=2

[6] Speech of ambassador of Russia V.Kazimirov

http://www.fisu.gov.ua/article.php?lang=ru&root=1&item=30&page=2